Dr. Kristin Triff - Renaissance Rome Revisited: Barons, Buildings, and the Papacy

Dr. Kristin Triff - Renaissance Rome Revisited: Barons, Buildings, and the Papacy

Meeting of the Society of Architectural Historians

New Orleans April 2011, Louisiana

Session: "RENAISSANCE ROME REVISITED: BARONS, BUILDINGS, AND THE PAPACY"

Chairman: Kristin Triff

Associate Professor of Fine Arts

Trinity College, Hartford, CT 06106

Introduction of the Session by Dr. Kristin Triff and Prince Domenico Napoleone Orsini

Kristin Triff, Ph. D.

Associate Professor of Fine Arts

Trinity College, Hartford, USA

DIARIO DI BORDO

Con i nostri più profondi ringraziamenti all'Avv. Patrizia Salvati

April 7, 2010

The Line of La Fayette in the Orsini Family

Generations I-VIII

"La Fayette - Noailles - La Tour-Maubourg - San Martino - Rignon - Orsini"

Fonte Davide Shamà

© Andrea Dominici Battelli

http://www.iagi.info/genealogienobili/R/Rignon.asp

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Gilbert du Motier,

marquis de La Fayette (1757-1834), représenté en 1792

Joseph-Désiré Court (1797-1865)

Musée national du Château et des Trianons, Versailles

Generation I

Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette (1757-1834), Hero of The American Revolution

m. (1774 at the Noailles family chapel) Anastasie (or Marie) Adrienne de Noailles (1759-1807) the second of five daughters of Jean-Louis-Paul-François de Noailles,* 5th duc de Noailles (1793), Duc d'Ayen (1766), and Henriette Anne Louise d'Aguesseau. She was a great grand daughter of Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, niece of Madame de Maintenon.

*His eminence as a chemist gained him the election as a member of the Académie des sciences in 1777.

Generation II

"Anastasie" Louise Pauline du Motier (1777-1863)

m. 1798 Juste-Charles de Faÿ, count de La Tour-Maubourg (1744 or 1763-1846)

Generation III

Jenny de Faÿ de La Tour Maubourg (1812-1897)

m. Ettore Carlo Giuseppe Perrone, Count di San Martino (1789-1849), an italian politician and military leader

French military service: he graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1806, participating in the Napoleon's campaigns of 1807 and 1809. He was wounded at Battle of Wagram. From 1810 to 1811, he was in Spain as a lieutenant in the Young Guard. On June 24, 1811 he joined the Grenadiers of the Old Guard. Although injured, he left for the Russian campaign. On March 15, 1814, Napoleon appointed him commander of the 24th Infantry Battalion of the line. During the Hundred Days, he was appointed Adjutant to General Gérard.

Generation IV

Luisa Perrone di San Martino (1838-1880), figlia di Ettore Carlo Giuseppe Perrone di San Martino, Conte di San Martino e Barone di Quart, e di Jeanne (Jenny) de Faÿ dei Marchesi e Conti di La Tour-Maubourg (*Lille 28-IX-1838, †Torino 14-XI-1880)

m. Torino 4-XI-1856 Conte (dal 1853) e Nobile Felice Rignon (al Battesimo Felice Vittorio Enrico Gaspare), riconosciuto nel titolo di Conte (mpr) con Decreto ministeriale del 4-XI-1909, Sottotenente d'Artiglieria del Regio Esercito Sardo dal 1848, si ritirò col grado di Maggiore nel 1858, Deputato al Parlamento del Regno d'Italia dal 20-XI-1870 (rieletto l'8-XI-1874, terminò il mandato il 4-XI-1876), Sindaco di Torino dal 20-XI-1870 al 31-XII-1877, Senatore del Regno d'Italia dal 20-XI-1891 (ebbe la convalida della nomina l'1-XII-1891 e prestò giuramento l'1-XII-1891), Presidente del Circolo degli Artisti di Torino (*Torino 25-II-1829, †Torino 17-VI-1914)

Generation V

Conte (dal 1914) e Nobile Edoardo Rignon (al Battesimo Edoardo Ettore Giovanni Vittorio), Maggior Generale d'Artiglieria del Regio Esercito Italiano (*Torino 27-X-1861, †Torino 6-II-1932)

m. Torino 25-V-1891 Maria Nicolis di Robilant, figlia di Carlo Felice Nicolis di Robilant, 7° Conte di Robilant e Signore di Cereaglio, e della Principessa Edmée von Clary und Aldringen (*Torino 24-III-1870, †Roma 5-X-1960)

Clary-Aldringen http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clary-Aldringen

Generation VI

Nobile Luisa Rignon, figlia del Conte Edoardo Rignon e di Maria Nicolis de Robilant dei Conti di Robilant e Cereaglio (* Milano 11-3-1897 †Roma 2-10-1975) (v.), Dama di Gran Croce di Giustizia del Sovrano Militare Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio e Dama del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta.

m. Torino 27-10-1927 Principe (con Regio Decreto del 24-6-1929, Diploma del 20-11-1930) N.H. Don Lelio Nicolò Orsini (* Roma 5-12-1877 †ivi 12-2-1952), Patrizio Romano Coscritto e Nobile Romano, Patrizio Napoletano, Patrizio Veneto, Patrizio Genovese, Patrizio d'Ancona, Nobile di Corneto e Nobile onorario di Forlì; Brigadiere Generale del Corpo della Guardia Nobile di Sua Santità, Balì d'Onore e Devozione del Sovrano Militare Ordine di Malta, Vice

presidente dell'Associazione dei cavalieri italiani per il servizio in tempo di guerra e di pace, Cavaliere dell'Ordine dello Sperone d'Oro, Commendatore dell'Ordine Piano, Commendatore dell'Ordine di Cristo.

Generation VII

1. Principessa N.D. Donna Sveva Orsini (* Roma 19-3-1930), Patrizia e Nobile Romana, Patrizia Veneta, Patrizia di Ancona e Nobile di Corneto.

m. Roma 24-10-1953 Francesco Mancini, divorzia e matrimonio annullato.

2. Principe N.H. Don Raimondo Orsini (* Roma 18-11-1931), Patrizio Romano Coscritto e Nobile Romano, Patrizio Napoletano, Patrizio Veneto, Patrizio Genovese, Patrizio d'Ancona, Nobile di Corneto, Nobile onorario di Forlì; Cittadino onorario della Georgia dal 25-9-2003.

m. Roma 6-6-1978 S.A.R. Principessa Kethevane Bagration(i) Moukhrani, figlia del Principe Costantino e di Monique Pauliac de Faunbellaire (* Talence 20-7-1954).

Generation VIII

1. Principessa N.D. Donna Georgiana Maria (* Roma 15-8-1979 †ivi 26-8-2005, sepolta ivi nella Cappella Orsini, nell'Arcibasilica Lateranense), Patrizia e Nobile Romana, Patrizia Veneta, Patrizia di Ancona e Nobile di Corneto.

2. Principe N.H. Don Lelio Nicolò (* Roma 27-5-1981), Patrizio Romano e Nobile Romano, Patrizio Napoletano, Patrizio Veneto, Patrizio Genovese, Patrizio di Ancona, Nobile di Corneto e Nobile onorario di Forlì.

3. Principessa N.D. Donna Luisa Eleonora (* Roma 2-2-1986), Patrizia e Nobile Romana, Patrizia Veneta, Patrizia di Ancona e Nobile di Corneto.

4. Principessa N.D. Donna Dorothea (* Roma 25-10-1990), Patrizia e Nobile Romana, Patrizia Veneta, Patrizia di Ancona e Nobile di Corneto.

5. Dott. Emmanuel Raimondo Bertounesque (* Tours 8-7-1957), ricercatore in Chimica Farmaceutica, figlio naturale del Principe Raimondo Orsini, avuto da Monique Bertounesque.

Raimondo Orsini con Monique Bertounesque

Les Jardins de La Muette, Parigi 1955

April 7, 2010

General Lafayette Arriving in the United States

Aquatint Engraving. Esbrard, Sculp.

Gift of Mr. Peterson Qvistgaard

Louisiana State Museum

"250 anni fà, il 6 settembre 1757, nacque al castello di Chavaniac, nelle montagne d’'Auvergne, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marchese di La Fayette. Orfano e milionario all’'età di 14 anni, sposato con la donna della sua vita Adrienne di Noailles, figlia del Duca di Noailles a 16 anni "(Pari di Francia - ducato-parìa nel 1663)", generale maggiore nell'’Esercito degli Stati Uniti a 19 anni, tale è Lafayette, fu celebre sulle due rive dell'oceano a 20 anni."

"Probabilmente perché lui era rimasto traumatizzato dopo i sette anni d'esilio, e anche per via della salute precaria di Mme de La Fayette, La Fayette declinò il posto di governatore della Louisiana offerto dal suo amico Thomas Jefferson nel 1803 e 1804." (Fonte: Cornell University)

"Probably because he had been traumatized by seven years of exile, and also because of Mme de Lafayette’s poor health, La Fayette declined the position of governor of Louisiana that was offered to him by his friend Thomas Jefferson in 1803 and 1804." (Source: Cornell University)

George Washington and General La Fayette at Mount Vernon (left)

Open the door to George Washington's World

Mount Vernon. Home of America's First Hero

www.mountvernon.org

George Washington and General Lafayette: A Research Guide

"1779, Dec. Lafayette names his newborn son George Washington Lafayette."

George Washington and General La Fayette at Valley Forge (right)

by John Ward Dunsmore 1777

This painting shows George Washington with La Fayette on horseback

surveying the soldiers as some huddle by a fire and one stands at attention

L'acquisizione della Louisiana da parte della Francia il 30 aprile 1803

La zona dove è situata la foce del fiume Mississippi è stato nominata Louisiana in onore del Re Luigi XIV.

Il primo Console Napoleone Bonaparte ebbe una visione ambiziosa dell'impero del Nuovo Mondo per la Francia, e la sua strategia comprendeva la riconquista della Louisiana per mano della Spagna sotto il regno di Carlos IV. Il controllo del vasto territorio, avrebbe fermato l'espansione degli Stati Uniti e avrebbe dato le merci necessarie alle colonie francesi delle Indie dell' Ovest. Nel 1800, Napoleone firmò il Trattato di San Ildefonso con la Spagna (Louisiana francese, 1682-1762; Louisiana spagnola, 1762-1800), un accordo che doveva rimanere segreto e che prevedeva che la Spagna ridistribuisse il territorio della Louisiana alla Francia la quale l'aveva ceduto alla Spagna nel 1762. Tuttavia, il piano di Napoleone fallì quando ci fu la rivolta degli schiavi nella colonia francese di Santo-Domingo, costringendo le truppe francesi sconfitte a ritornare in Francia e, impedendo loro di raggiungere la Louisiana, ultima destinazione . Per Napoleone, le situazioni politiche e militari diventarono poi estremamente incerte nell'impero del Nuovo Mondo.

Gli Stati Uniti desideravano acquistare l'intero territorio della Louisiana in base alla sua posizione geografica che risultava vitale alla foce del fiume Mississipi e per via dei coloni americani e mercanti che erano già arrivati nella regione. Quell'acquisizione permetterebbe loro di controllare il fiume Mississippi per l'imbarco delle merci verso la costa atlantica e l'Europa.

Gli Stati Uniti scoprirono dunque l'accordo "segreto". Così gli Stati Uniti mandarono Robert Livingston in Francia nel 1801, nel tentativo di acquistare la Nuova Orleano. Inizialmente, Napoleone rifiutò la proposta, inducendo il Presidente Thomas Jefferson a mandare James Monroe per fare in modo che l'accordo venga fatto. Inoltre, qualche giorno prima dell'arrivo di Monroe a Parigi, nell'aprile del 1803, Napoleone offrì di vendere tutta la Louisiana agli Stati Uniti.

"L'acquisizione della Louisiana comprendeva gli odierni Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, parte del Minnesota, la maggior parte del Dakota del Nord, il Dakota del Sud, la parte nord-est del New Mexico, l'estremità nord del Texas, parte del Montana, il Wyoming, la zona ad est del Colorado e parte della Louisiana, inclusa la città di New Orleans.. La zona all'estremo nord occupava anche parte delle attuali province canadesi di Alberta e Saskatchewan. Il tutto copriva il 23% degli attuali confini statunitensi." (Fonte Wikipedia Louisiana Purchase)

Il Ministro del Tesoro di Napoleone, il Marchese di Barbé-Marbois, trattarono con Livingston e Monroe i termini per l'acquisizione della Louisiana. Gli Stati Uniti acquistarono la Louisiana per $11,250,000 e assunsero le rivendicazioni dei propri cittadini contro la Francia fino a $3,750,000, per un prezzo totale di $15 milioni.

Nel 1829, il Marchese di Barbé-Marbois scrisse il libro "History of Louisiana and of Its Cession to the United States of Northern America; Preceded by a Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States".

The Louisiana purchase from France on April 30, 1803

The area at the mouth of the Mississippi River was named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

The First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte had an ambitious vision of the western empire for France, and his strategy included the recapture of Louisiana from Spain under the reign of Carlos IV de España. Control over this huge territory would stop the expansion of the United States and would supply the French West Indies colonies with the necessary goods. In 1800, Napoleon signed the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso with Spain ( French Louisiana, 1682-1762; Spanish Louisiana, 1762-1800), an agreement that stipulated that Spain would return to France the territory of Louisiana, which France had ceded to Spain in 1762. However, Napoleon's plan failed when the slave revolt in the French Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue (as the French called Haiti) succeeded, forcing the defeated French troops to turn back to France and preventing them from reaching Louisiana as a final destination. For Napoleon, the political and military situations became then extremely uncertain in the New World empire.

The United States wanted to acquire the entire territory of Louisiana because the American settlers and merchants were already in the region and because of its vital geographic position at the mouth of the Mississippi River. This purchase would enable them to control the Mississippi River for shipment to the Atlantic coast and Europe.

The United States discovered the secret agreement, the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France, and sent Robert Livingston to France in 1801 to try to purchase New Orleans. Napoleon initially refused, leading President Thomas Jefferson to send James Monroe to get the deal done. However, just days before the arrival of Monroe in Paris, in April 1803, Napoleon offered to sell the United States all of Louisiana.

Map of the states and territories of the United States as it was from April 1803 to March 1804.

On April 30 1803, Louisiana was purchased from France. (Source: wikipedia)

"The Louisiana Purchase encompassed all or part of 14 current U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The land purchased contained all of present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, parts of Minnesota that were west of the Mississippi River, most of North Dakota, nearly all of South Dakota, northeastern New Mexico, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide, and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, including the city of New Orleans." (Source Wikipedia Louisiana Purchase)

Napoleon's minister of the Treasury, the Marquis de Barbé-Marbois, dealt with Livingston and Monroe over terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The United States purchased Louisiana for $11,250,000 and assumed claims of its own citizens against France up to $3,750,000, for a total price of $15 million.

In 1829 the Marquis de Barbé-Marbois wrote the book "History of Louisiana and of Its Cession to the United States of Northern America; Preceded by a Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States".

March 11, 2010

Parole di La Fayette sulla Tomba di George Washington /Marquis de La Fayette's Words at the Tomb of Washington. [Mt. Vernon, October 17, 1824].
La Fayette ringrazia il Governatore del Massachusetts William Eustis per dargli un filo del Cipresso colto sulla tomba di George Washington.

“The feelings, which on this awful moment oppress my heart don’t leave me the power of utterance. I can only thank you, my dear Eustis for your precious gift and pray a silent homage to the tomb of the greatest and best of men, my paternal friend.” Marquis de La Fayette

"I sentimenti che in questo momento terribile opprimono il mio cuore, non mi lasciano il potere di esprimerli. Posso solamente ringraziarla, mio caro Eustis per il vostro prezioso regalo e pregare come omaggio silenzioso, sulla tomba del più grande e del migliore degli uomini, mio paterno amico."

Source: Cornell University

March 10, 2010

Honorary citizens of the United States

By an Act of Congress or by a proclamation issued by the President of the United States pursuant to authorization granted by Congress.

For La Fayette and Mother Theresa, the honor was proclaimed directly by Act of Congress

The seven honorary citizens of the United States

1963. Sir Winston Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, British Prime Minister

1981. Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat who rescued Jews in Budapest during the Holocaust

1984. William Penn, foundator of the Province of Pennsylvania,the British North American colony that became the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. The democratic principles that he set forth served as an inspiration for the United States Constitution

1984. Hannah Callowhill Penn, second wife of William Penn and administrator of Pennsylvania

1996. Mother Teresa, Albanian Catholic nun, who founded the Missionaries of Charity in India

2002. Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, one of the most important contributors to the success of the American War for Independence. He was George Washington’s most beloved friend

2009. Kazimierz Pulaski, a Polish military officer known as the "father of the American cavalry"

March 9, 2010
Heroes of the American Revolution/ Eroi dell'indipendenza americana

John Adams, Samuel Adams, Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, John Burgoyne, Aaron Burr, George Rogers Clark, Charles Cornwallis, John Dickinson, Benjamin Franklin, Nathanael Greene, Alexander Hamilton, John Hancock, Patrick Henry,

William Howe, Thomas Jefferson, John Paul Jones, Thaddeus Kosciuszko (Polish), Marquis de La Fayette (French), James Madison, Francis Marion, Thomas Paine, Baron von Stueben (German), George Washington

March 4, 2010

Cher Emmanuel,

Wonderful! We can speak at greater length soon, but having spoken to the conference chair, the best option given the very rigid constraints on session talks and overall session length, will be to have Domenico give a brief introduction, then the scholarly talks, then you both could participate in the formal discussion following the talks. I very much look forward to this event - it will be a wonderful opportunity to present Orsini patronage, and that of Rome's feudal nobility.

Saluti affettuosi,

Kristin

March 4, 2010

Dear Kristin,

Je te remercie très chaleureusement pour ton message. Je suis plus enthousiaste que jamais, car cela serait pour Domenico l'opportunité de parler en présence des Historiens des Orsini dans le cadre prestigieux de la Society of Architectural Historians. J'espère que tu pourras obtenir ce privilège du Président de la Conférence, pour Domenico et pour la grandeur des Orsini. Nous nous réjouissons à l'idée de découvrir la Nouvelle Orléans avec toi.

A presto,

Je t'embrasse

Emmanuel

Friday, 26 Feb 2010
Cher Emmanuel,

I'm glad you will be able to make it to the meeting, and would like to organize a talk by Domenico and/or you as part of the session - what do you think? I know SAH ( Society of Architectural Historians) is fairly strict about the structure of the sessions, but if you think you'd be interested, I will speak with the conference chair to see what we can do. It would be an extraordinary thing if we could actually hear the voices of the family who ruled Rome during the late Middle Ages and Renaissance alongside those who are studying them!

Saluti affettuosi,

Krisitn

Friday, 19 Feb 2010

Chère Kristin,

Tu viens de m'annoncer une nouvelle extraordinaire ! Tu es fantastique, je suis emballé [I am (mad) keen on this meeting!] par ce symposium. Nous serons à tes côtés à la Nouvelle Orléans pour cette session que tu vas présider dans le cadre de ce congrès prestigieux. Celle-ci intitulée "RENAISSANCE ROME

REVISITED: BARONS, BUILDINGS, AND THE PAPACY." sera un événement historique de grande portée pour les Orsini. L'Histoire des Orsini se fait aux Etats-Unis, après UCLA February 2007, New Orleans April 2011 ! Je forme le voeu que mon père soit avec nous, pour moi et pour la grandeur des Orsini. See you soon,

Je t'embrasse

Emmanuel

Friday, 19 Feb 2010
Cher Emmanuel,

"I wanted to let you know that a conference session I proposed for next year's meeting of the Society of Architectural Historians was accepted (New Orleans April 2011), and I will be chairing a session entitled "RENAISSANCE ROME REVISITED: BARONS, BUILDINGS, AND THE PAPACY." I'm pasting the description in below, but as you can see it will focus on your family and their peers in the Roman Renaissance. Since the Society of Architectural Historians is the most important institution in my field the session should result in some excellent papers... It would be a chance to get you and Domenico to come to New Orleans next April (2011)- is there any chance of this? It would be wonderful to see you!...The information is not yet up on the SAH site, but if you'd like to learn more about them, you can find them on www.sah.org"

Saluti affettuosi,

Kristin

RENAISSANCE ROME REVISITED: BARONS, BUILDINGS, AND THE PAPACY

Meeting of the Society of Architectural Historians

New Orleans April 2011

"Although the vast historiography on Renaissance Rome includes a wide range of works on the architecture and urbanism of this period, the literature of this field is overwhelmingly dominated by studies of papal and curial patronage. This focus on papal and curial commissions has traditionally marginalized the patronage of Rome’s resident ruling class, composed of the city's ancient nobility and the powerful barones urbis, whose wealth derived from vast feudal landholdings in the Roman countryside and beyond. As Rome's de facto rulers throughout most of the later Middle Ages and well into the fifteenth century, ancient feudal clans--often referred to as Rome's feudal nobility--such as the Orsini, Colonna, Conti, and Savelli established the physical, social, and political contexts against which emerging curial families positioned themselves from the fifteenth century onward, and were thus instrumental in shaping Rome's early modern palace culture. Emerging studies on these and other families suggest that they established architectural precedents that were directly influential on the patronage of their curial counterparts in Rome during the Renaissance. At the same time, alternative architectural strategies may be detected in the response of some of Rome's secular builders to what contemporary Marcantonio Altieri called the "sumptuous and excessive" building associated with the curial court. Collectively, these sites illustrate the profound changes that occurred in Roman society beginning with the return of the papal court to Rome in 1420, and the decline of Rome's feudal nobility over the following century."

This session seeks to expand the boundaries of discussion beyond its current focus on papal and curial patronage, and papers that explore architectural and urban issues related to the city's feudal nobility are particularly welcome. Please submit proposals to: Kristin Triff, Associate Professor of Fine Arts, Trinity College, 300 Summit St., Hartford, CT 06106, 860-297-2506, Kristin.Triff@trincoll.edu.

Sommario

Editus Ursae